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The performance requirements that the transport category aircraft must meet are:

Takeoff

Takeoff speeds
Takeoff runway required
Takeoff climb required
Obstacle clearance requirements

Landing

Landing speeds
Landing runway required
Landing climb required

Takeoff Planning

Listed below are the speeds that affect the transport category aircraft’s takeoff performance. The flight crew must be thoroughly familiar with each of these speeds and how they are used in takeoff planning.

VS—stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the aircraft is controllable.
VMCG—minimum control speed on the ground, with one engine inoperative, (critical engine on two-engine airplanes) takeoff power on other engine(s), using aerodynamic controls only for directional control (must be less than V1).
VMCA—minimum control speed in the air, with one engine inoperative, (critical engine on two-engine aircraft) operating engine(s) at takeoff power, maximum of 5° bank into the good engine(s).
V1—critical engine failure speed or decision speed. Engine failure below this speed shall result in an aborted takeoff; above this speed the takeoff run should be continued.
VR—speed at which the rotation of the aircraft is initiated to takeoff attitude. The speed cannot be less than V1 or less than 1.05 times VMC. With an engine failure, it must also allow for the acceleration to V2 at the 35-foot height at the end of the runway.
VLOF—lift-off speed. The speed at which the aircraft first becomes airborne.
V2—the takeoff safety speed which must be attained at the 35-foot height at the end of the required runway distance. This is essentially the best one-engine operative angle of climb speed for the aircraft and should be held until clearing obstacles after takeoff, or until at least 400 feet above the ground.
VFS—final segment climb speed, which is based upon one-engine inooerative climb, clean configuration, and mximum continuos power setting.

All of the V speeds should be considered during every takeoff. The V1, VR, V2, and VFS speeds should be visibly posted in the flightdeck for reference during the takeoff.

Takeoff speeds vary with aircraft weight. Before takeoff speeds can be computed, the pilot must first determine the maximum allowable takeoff weight. The three items that can limit takeoff weight are runway requirements, takeoff climb requirements, and obstacle clearance requirements.

Performance Charts

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0savesSave Performance charts allow a pilot to predict the takeoff, climb, cruise, and landing performance of an aircraft. These charts, provided by the manufacturer, are included in the AFM/POH. Information the manufacturer provides on these charts has been gathered from test flights conducted in a new aircraft, under normal operating conditions while using average piloting [...]

Landing Performance (Part Two)

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0savesSave The effect of proper landing speed is important when runway lengths and landing distances are critical. The landing speeds specified in the AFM/POH are generally the minimum safe speeds at which the aircraft can be landed. Any attempt to land at below the specified speed may mean that the aircraft may stall, be difficult [...]

Landing Performance (Part One)

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0savesSave In many cases, the landing distance of an aircraft will define the runway requirements for flight operations. The minimum landing distance is obtained by landing at some minimum safe speed, which allows sufficient margin above stall and provides satisfactory control and capability for a go-around. Generally, the landing speed is some fixed percentage of [...]

Takeoff and Landing Performance – Runway Surface and Gradient

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0savesSave Runway conditions affect takeoff and landing performance. Typically, performance chart information assumes paved, level, smooth, and dry runway surfaces. Since no two runways are alike, the runway surface differs from one runway to another, as does the runway gradient or slope. [Figure 10-14] Runway surfaces vary widely from one airport to another. The runway [...]

Effect of Weight on Flight Performance

Aerodynamics

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0savesSave The takeoff/climb and landing performance of an aircraft are determined on the basis of its maximum allowable takeoff and landing weights. A heavier gross weight results in a longer takeoff run and shallower climb, and a faster touchdown speed and longer landing roll. Even a minor overload may make it impossible for the aircraft [...]